The Squattocracy

According to the historian Geoffrey Dutton, the squatters of Australia were primarily settlers who used the land for grazing. They rode out across the broad plains of NSW. Those squatters who survived droughts, bushfires, floods, disease, overdrafts and the wrath nof the dispossessed Aboriginals became known as graziers, pastoralists, landowners (even when their land was in fact leased) and, sometimes, squires.

The apportioning of land in NSW was in the beginning at the discretion of the Governor who could make free grants to an emancipated convict or to free settlers on arrival in the colony, or to marines or officers.

Patrick James Fogarty - Enluistment Papers

http://mappingouranzacs.naa.gov.au/list-birth.aspx?birth=Frogmore,%20NSW,%20Australia

http://mappingouranzacs.naa.gov.au/file-view.html?b=3912384&s=B2455&c=FOGARTY

Michael Fogarty (the younger)

Michael Fogarty (the younger) was the fourth son of Michael Fogarty and Margaret Spencer. He was born at Phils Creek on the 9th June 1854 and baptised on the 25th June 1854 by the Rev. P. Magennis.

It appears that Michael left his home at Phils Creek and moved to Frogmore as on the 20 April 1897 (aged 36 years) he married Eliza Jane O'Leary (nee Phillips) of Hovell's Creek at the Catholic Church in Frogmore. The ceremony was performed by the Rev. Fr. Timothy Hanley and witnessed by hMichael's brother James and sister May.

Michael and Eliza Jane had fifteen children (7 boys and 7 girls plus their first, unnamed, who presumably died at birth). It is believed all the children were born at Frogmore.

Children of Michael and Eliza Jane
Unamed
John (Jack) Thomas b. 1881 d. 1970 married Patty Flint (1); Florence Chown (2); Pearl Surridge (3)
Mary Jane b. 1883 married Valentine Neels
Margaret b. 1885 d. 1957 married Alexander Niven
Ellen Ann b. 1888 married James Ward
Eliza Dorcas b. 1890 married Walter Lowe
Michael George b. 1893 d. 1927 Koorawatha
Frederick Joseph b. 1895 d. 1895 Koorawatha
Patrick James b. 1897 married Margaret Gormly
Sarah Catherine b. 1899 married Francis Shepherd
Walter Philip b. 1901 married Eileen Redman
William George b. 1903 d. 1955 Young
Francis Ernest b. 1904 married Ellen Evans
Mary Catherine married Len Reeves
Ellen (Nell) Agnes married Allan McNamara

Later in life, Michael and Eliza Jane moved to Koorawatha where they was living in 1920 when his son Patrick James brought his new wife Margaret (nee Gormly) to live with them for a time.

My grandfather was Patrick James (Paddy) Fogarty who married Margaret Gormly.

Margaret Spencer

1825 Born in Clenalty, Co Tipperary to Philip Spencer, farmer and Mary (nee Keneally.) Grandaughter of Thomas Spencer and Johanna (nee Breen) and of John Keneally and Mary (nee Turner).

1841 Arrived in Australia from Clenalty, Co. Tipperary.

13 AUG 1845 Married Michael Fogarty when aged 20 years (Michael would have been either 45 or 55 years).Children: 5 males, 3 females, 1 male deceased pre 1866.

16 DEC 1886: Signed her will. Mrs Fogarty left 40 acres of land to her son, John Fogarty, together with a selection mortgaged to W Kershaw, a storekeeper at Boorowa. Her will was signed on the 16th December 1886.

Her death occurred on Christmas Eve 1886.

(Probate office: Located at 14754 series 3)

24 DEC 1886 Died in Phils Creek aged 61 years. Cause of death - Natural Causes 21 days. Informant: John Fogarty, son Phils Creek

26 DEC 1886 Interred Borrowa

Probate

14 OCT 1881 Probate was granted.

Copy of Probate:"This day upon Petition administration of the Estates and Effects of Michael Fogarty deceased was granted to Margaret Fogarty, widow of the deceased. Intestate died the 4th day of October 1867 (should be 1866) Goods sworn under 40 pounds.)

(Source NSW Probate Office, Mena House, Macquarie Street, Sydney Vol 6160 series 3)

Married at Boorowa

Marriage Certificate:"No 317 Vol 94 (Register General Dept. Reference 71M2915J)

Michael Fogarty, Roman Catholic and Margaret Spencer, Roman Catholic were married at Snugs, Boorowa, on 13 AUG 1845.

Witnesses were Michael O'Brien and Judith O'Brien Minister was Charles Lovat of Yass.

Land at Yass

14 MAR 1845 Letter to The Hon. C.D Riddle Esq., M.C. Coll. Treasurer, Sydney:Burrawa Co. King

Hon Sir,

I am desirous to rent one section of Crown Land agreeable to Government Regulations, the same to put up to auction in the Township of Yass, on as early a day as possible. The following is the description viz "Bounded on the north side bySection line three miles south of the Cooramingla Creek and on the east and south side by section lines and on the west by the Burrawa rivers."

I have the Hon to be your most Obedient Servant,

Michael Fogarty."

(Source: Archives Authority of New South Wales, SydneyLetters to the Col. Sec re Land. Location : Shelf 2/7859 A - F)

Fogarty Convicts

According to the NSW Convict register there were 18 Fogarty convicts transported to Colony between 1811 and 1840. Fifteen of these were male convicts:

Note: Names and details in red below are from other sources.

Name Ship Year
Margaret Britannia 1798 tried Bristol 07/04/1793
Owen Providence 1811
Mary Kangaroo 1814
John Surry 1816 forwarded to Windsor; assigned William Cox
John Atlas 1816 forwarded to Parramatta; servant to Mrs Hamilton
Michael Pilot 1817 sent to Bathurst
Michael Minerva 1821 forwarded to Bringelly; complained about ill treatment and food shortages on the Minerva (a shoemaker) assigned to Mr Waite living at Browley, S. Forest
Michael Mangles 1822 settled in Maitland
John Brampton 1823 transported to Port Macquarie on the Sally; wife Nessie Corcoran
John Castle Forbes 1824 forwarded to Bathurst
John Rinnelli 1825
Michael Mangles 1826
James Morley 1828
Anne Edward 1829
Michael Governor Ready 1829
Patrick (PJ) Governor Ready 1829 married Mary Thomas; lived in Port Macquarie
Timothy Eliza 1829
Catherine Asia 1830
James Dunvegan Castle 1832
Edward Java 1833
Patrick Earl Grey 1836
Patrick Surry 1836
Patrick Waterloo 1836
Thomas Earl Grey 1836
James Waverley 1839
John Pekoe 1840
Sarah Surry 1840

Stem of the Irish Nation

In his Irish Pedigrees, O'Hart presents the legendary origins of the Irish people, from the Biblical Adam and Eve through the kings of ancient Ireland. Irish tradition holds that every Irish person is descended from the king Milesius who emigrated from Spain in 500 BC, so O'Hart started each of his genealogies with Adam recording Milesius as his 36th descendant:

(1) Adam, his son

(2) Seth, his son

(3) Enos, his son

(4) Cainan, his son

(5) Mahalaleel, his son

(6) Jared, his son

(7) Enoch, his son

(8) Methuselah, his son

(9) Lamech, his son

(10) Noah, his son

(11) Japhet, his son

(12) Magog, his son

(13) Baoth "to whom Scythia came has his lot," his son

(14) Phoeniusa Farsaidh (Fenius Farsa) King of Scythia, his son

(15) Gaodhal (Gathelus), his son

(16) Asruth, his son

(17) Sruth (who fled Egypt to Creta), his son

(18) Heber Scut (returned to Scythia), his son

(19) Beouman, King of Scythia, his son

(20) Ogaman King of Scythia, his son

(21) Tait King of Scythia, his son

(22) Agnon (who fled Scythia by sea with the majority of his people), his son

(23) Lamhfionn (who led his people to Gothia or Getulia, where Carthage was afterwards built), his son

(24) Heber Glunfionn King of Gothia, his son

(25) Agnan Fionn King of Gothia, his son

(26) Febric Glas King of Gothia, his son

(27) Nenuall King of Gothia, his son

(28) Nuadhad King of Gothia, his son

(29) Alladh King of Gothia, his son

(30) Arcadh King of Gothia, his son

(31) Deag King of Gothia, his son

(32) Brath King of Gothia (who left Gothia with a large band of his people and settled in Galicia, Spain), his son

(33) Breoghan King of Galicia, Andalusia, Murcia, Castile, and Portugal, his son

(34) Bile King of Galicia, Andalusia, Murcia, Castile, and Portugal, and his son

(35) Galamh (also known as Milesius of Spain) King of Galicia, Andalusia, Murcia, Castile, and Portugal.

According to O'Hart's account, Milesius had four sons, Heber, Ir, Heremon, and Amergin, who were involved, along with their uncle Ithe, in the invasion of ancient Ireland; Milesius, himself, had died during the planning. Because Amergin died during the invasion, he died without issue. It is from the four other invaders--Heber, Ir, Heremon, and Ithe--that the Irish are alleged to descend. These. according to O'Hart, are the four lines from which all true Irish descend:

Phils Creek

Conditional Pardon

Conditional Pardons (CP) freed convicts and were granted on the condition that convicts did not return to England or Ireland. Original copies of the pardons were sent to England and duplicates remained in Australia. Copies were also given to convicts as a proof of pardon. Conditional Pardon records give date, name, where and when tried, sentence, ship and date of arrival. Later records may also give master, native place, trade or calling, offence, sentence, year of birth and a physical description. Copies of butts of Conditional Pardons (1824-1827) and Conditional Pardons registered by the Colonial Secretary (1826-1870) are available. An alphabetical register of pardons (1828-1862) is on microfilm as well as a register of Colonial Pardons from 1788 to 1867.

The information on the reverse side of Michael Fogarty's pardon is as follows"

Description Standing Number ………….. 29/89
Name..……………………….Michael Fogarty
Ship…………………………..Governor Ready
Master………………………..Young
Year…………………………..1829
Native Place…………………..Tipperary
Trade or Calling………………Farm Labourer
Offence………………………..Coining
Year of Birth…………………..1799
Height………………………….5 feet 7 inches
Complexion……………………Ruddy pockpitted
Hair…………………………….Brown
Eyes…………………………….Dark Hazel
General Remarks……………….Scar on right eyebrow, Scar front part right leg.

I Certify, that her Majesty's Gracious approbation and allowance of the above CONDITIONAL PARDON, granted to Michael Fogarty has been signified to me, by the Right Honourable the Secretary for State for the Colonies, in his Dispatch No 20, dated 11 February 1844.

Given under my Hand, at Government House, Sydney, this Twenty fifth Day of June, One thousand, eight hundred and forty five

(Signed Geo. Gipps

Entered upon Record at Pages 25 and 26 Register No. 15 this Twenty third Day of July One thousand eight hundred and forty four.
(Source - a) Register of Pardons Number 15 Page 25 & 26b) Archive Authority of New South Wales, Sydney Reel 781 Conditional Pardon of Michael Fogarty

John O'Sullivan

John O'Sulivan was the manager of the first bank to operate in Goulburn, the Commecial Banking Company of Sydney's bank which opened in Goulburn in 1837. O'Sullivan continued as manager until the bank's closure on 31 March, 1844. The closure was brought about by a depression suffered by all banks from around 1842.

Records indicate that John O'Sullivan resided in Goulburn. In addition he held 'despasturing' licences at Breakfast Creek, Kangarooby and Lachlan River in the Lachlan District, beyond the 19 Counties. The Lachlan District was located between the Lachlan and Murrumbidgee Rivers.

The term ‘depasturing’ refers to the consumption of the produce of land (grass) as pasture or to graze on the land.

People who leased land beyond the Nineteen Counties. There was some unauthorised occupation of Crown land from the earliest days of the colony. Governor Darling created an area known as the 'limits of location' — creating two areas within the colony by a Government order on 5 September 1826. Settlers were only allowed to take up land within the ‘limits’. A further Government order on 14 October 1829 increased this area of approved settlement to include an area called the Nineteen Counties.

John O'Sullivan was what was known as a SQUATTOR.

Ticket of Leave Passport

Ticket of Leave Passports allowed convicts holding tickets of leave to travel between certain points, visit a certain place or to attend the city markets for a specified period of time.

Ticket of Leave

A Ticket of Leave (TOL) was a document given to convicts when granting them freedom to work and live within a given district of the colony before their sentence expired or they were pardoned. TOL convicts could hire themselves out or be self-employed. They could also acquire property. Church attendance was compulsory, as was appearing before a Magistrate when required. Permission was needed before moving to another district and 'passports' were issued to those convicts whose work required regular travel between districts. Convicts applied through their masters to the Bench Magistrates for a TOL and needed to have served a stipulated portion of their sentence:

- 7 year terms needed 4 years service with 1, or 5 years with 2 masters
- 14 years needed 6 years with 1, 8 years with 2 or 12 years with 3 masters
- Lifers needed 8 years with 1, 10 years with 2 or 12 years with 3 masters

TOL documents record the convict's number, name, ship, year of arrival, the master of the ship, native place, trade or calling, offence, place and date of trial, sentence, year of birth, physical description, the district the prisoner was allocated to, the granting Bench, the date of issue, and further remarks about Conditional Pardons and district changes. Registers of Tickets of Leave 1824 to 1827 (with index) are included in the SAONSW Genealogical Research Kit. Records of applications for replacement tickets and records of passport tickets for convicts moving between districts from 1835 to 1869 were also kept and are held by the SAONSW.

Prison Without Bars - Sydney 1829

The normal fate of a well-behaved convict prior to 1840 was assignment to public or private service. Convicts upon arrival in the settlement were assigned either to the government or to free settlers. Assigned servants were often paid. Most received indulgences like tea, sugar, tobacco or even spirits as an incentive to work and as a means of discipline. For the most part they were kindly treated. If conditions were hard and the men had to live in huts with roofs of stringy bark laid on sapling rafters tied with cords from a kurrajong tree and beds of wooden slabs covered with bark - it must be remembered that these were probably the same conditions under which the masters suffered.

The master was in a position to charge any of his servants with insubordination or misconduct. They could not punish the convict themselves. However, the master could send a man to the nearest magistrate who could hear the case and determine punishment.

Little more than 10% of convicts succeeded in maintaining a 'clean sheet'.

John Dickson

John Dickson was a young engineer who migrated to the colony of NSW in 1813. He arrived on the Earl Spencer and brought with him the first steam engine in NSW. Gov. Macquarie immediatley recognised his potential and made him a land grant of sixteen acres. It is on record however, that by 1818, Dickson owned 17,000 acres on which he was running 3,000 cattle, 2,000 sheep and 65 horses. He also owned a milled and a brewery.

In June 1815, the Sydney Gazette reported that Mr John Dickson had been zealosly occupied in setting up a queer monster, all wheels and gears and soot, which he had shipped from Maid Lane in Shakesear's Southwark. The site the Governor had granted him was 'a most convenient and eligible situation in the Town of Sydney, having a run of fresh water thro it, for him to erect his mills, steam engine and machinery on'.

Mr Dickson had brought a considerable capital with him and was of 'enterprising spirit and perservering industry'. On his 15 acre grant, bounded on the north by Liverpool Street and on the east by George St, he was able, on 29 May, 1815, to receive the Governor (Macquarie) with a whistle and a puff of fleecy vapour when the latter came to inaugurate the mills, which were now ready for 'gringing grain and sawing timber on a large scale'.

Biography

Cork Convict Quarters

When a transportation sentence was handed down, the convict was usually returned to the local or county gaol until preparations were made for transmitting him or her to the port. Transportees from the southern counties were housed in the city gaol at Cork. Built over the old gate to the northern part of the city, it was in decay and constantly overcrowded.

From 1817 a holding prison, known as a depot, was provided in Cork to house the large numbers of convicts accumulating there [see footnote 5].

Footnote 5
The removal of the male convicts to hulks in 1822 meant that conditions at the Cork depot improved considerably. During her tour of inspection of Irish prisons in 1826, the prison reformer, Elizabeth Fry, pronounced it to be defective as to its conformation, but '...cleanly, comfortable and well superintended'. She was not convinced, however, of the need for such depots, and seemed more in favour of the English method of bringing the convicts straight from the county and city gaols to the transport ships for embarkation. (See Elizabeth Fry and Joseph John Gurney, Report addressed to the Marquess Wellesley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, respecting their late visit to that country, London, 1827, pp 21-22).

The Governor Ready

The Governor Ready was built at Prince Edward Island in 1825. She arrived in Australia for the second time on 16th January 1829 under the command of Master John Young. Thomas B. Wilson was Surgeon. (The Governor Ready's first trip to Australia left Cork on the 1st September 1827). She had left Cork on the 21st September, 1828. A trip of 117 days with 200 male prisoners.

Convict ships of the time were quite small, varying from 320 to 450 tons, about 100 feet long and 30 feet broad. They were crowded, not only with convicts and crew, but also provisions, stores, sheep, hogs, goats and poultry, not to mention rats, cockroaches and vermin. They were difficult to ventilate. The ships were usually provided and equipped by private firms, looking to make a profit. The contracts called for the ships to be sea worthy, properly manned and fitted out with the convict's quarters clean and ventilated. The contractors had to provide a surgeon. Prisoners were allowed on deck as much as possible. Rations, based on those in the navy were ample if properly distributed.

The prisoners were usually divided into 'messes' of six. Each week a mess typically would receive:

• 20 pound of bread
• 12 pound of flour
• 16 pound of beef
• 6 pound of pork
• 12 pints of pease
• 2 pound of rice
• 1 1/2 pound of butter
• 1 1/2 pound of suet
• 3 pound of raisin
• 6 pints of oatmeal
• sugar, vinegar and lime juice
• 3 to 4 gills of wine per day
• 3 quarts of water per day

On the 18th May 1829 the Governor Ready sailed from Sydney bound for Ireland. Between Murray and Halfway Islands, north-east of Cape York, she struck a detached reef and foundered. The 39 crew took to the ships boats: 19 in the longboat; 12 in the skiff and 8 in the jolly boat. After touching several uninhabited islands there were sighted by the brig Amity off Timor - a passage of 2,500 kilometers in 14 days.

On 31 May 1829 it was reported that they crew were rescued.

The Parish of Burgess

The parish of Burgess is in the north of County Tipperary. It lies in the Barony of Owney and Arra, about 2 miles south-west of Nenagh (in the civil parish of Burgesbeg. This is the foothills of the Arra Mountains (the ancestral lands of the O'Brien).

Michael Fogarty in Ireland

Michael Fogarty was born in 1799 in Burgess (near Nenagh), Co. Tiperrary. His mother was Judith Ryan who was married to James Fogarty. We do not have any information available to indicate that Michael had siblings who stayed in Ireland, but it is likely he did.

On Grant Fogarty's website it us suggested that Michael was the grandson of Michael Fogarty born 1720 in Ireland.

It is reported that Michael was known to Rev. Richard Gowing, Minister, Burgess; Rev M Ryan, Parish Priest, Burgess; Captain Head, Derry Castle, Naniagh, Burgess, Tipperary.

I found the following reference to Derry Castle.

"1837
TEMPLEICHARRY or TEMPLEKELLY or CALLATHAMERYa parish, in the barony of Owney and Arra, county of Tipperary, and province of Munster, 1/4 of a mile E. from Killaloe, on the road to Limerick, and on the river Shannon; containing 4724 inhabitants. The land is mostly in tillage; there is some bog on the mountains. There are good quarries of grit-stone, which is used extensively for building. A slate quarry is worked at Ryninch; and the Derry slate quarries, situated in this parish, were formerly very extensively worked. Derry Castle, the seat of M.P. Head, Esq., is situated in a noble demesne abounding with remarkably fine old timber; the scenery in its vicinity is extremely beautiful, and the Shannon bounds the demesne on the west. The other seats are Derry Ville, the residence of J. Salmon, Esq.; Ryninch, of J. O'Brien, Esq.; Fort Henry, of Finch White, Esq.; and Shannon View, of H. Franks, Esq. It is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Emly, forming part of the union of Kilmastulla; the tithes amount to 406.3.1. In the R.C. divisions it is the head of a union or district, comprising this parish and that of Kilmastulla, and called Ballina; in each of the parishes is a chapel. There are six private schools, in which are about 790 children, and a Sunday school. On the upper Killary mountain, a son of one of the Kings of Leinster was buried: on an island in the Shannon, opposite the ruins of an old church, are the remains of a monastery; and on the north side of the bridge at Ballina are the ruins of a castle, built most probably to defend the passage of the river."
Source: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irish/Tipperary/pldesc2.htm

Killaloe Civil Parish
There are several gentlemen’s seats, most of which command fine views of the lake and the beautiful scenery along its shores : of these, the principal are Ballyvalley, the residence of W. Parker, Esq., from which is a fine view of the town and bridge, with the falls on the river: Tinerana, of S. G. Purdon, Esq., Ryhinch, of Jeremiah O’ Brien, Esq. ; Derry Castle, of Capt. Head ; Castle Lough, of Anthony Parker, Esq. ; Youghall, of William Smithwick, Esq., and Ogonilloe, of the Rev. R. W. Nisbett.
Source: http://www.from-ireland.net/cla/lewis/killaloe.htm